Cara Bootloader Arduino Ke IC Kosong (Atmega 328-P)

Pada kesempatan kali ini saya akan berbagi cara mengisi firmwere pada IC yang kosong atau IC yang baru dibelli, karena IC yang kosong atau yang baru beli jika dipasang pada board Arduino tidak akan bisa langsung digunakan sebelum diisikan bootloader Arduino Terlebih dahulu.

Langsung saja yang harus dipersiapkan adalah sebagai berikut:

    1. Softwere

    2. Hardwere

Pada bagian Softwere kita harus menyetting format programmernya. Langkah-langkahnya sebagai berikut.

1.Atur bagian programmer menggunakan Arduino As ISP

2. Pilih Board sesuai yang akan digunakan.

Kemudian setelah kita menyetting Softwere kita lanjutkan ke Hardwere, bagi teman-teman bisa langsung membuat rangkaian seperti gambar dibawah ini. Untuk skema rangkaian saya menyediakan 2 rangkaian , yang pertama menggunakan 2 Arduino dan Rangkaian menggunakan Breadboard. Untuk Yang menggunakan Breadboard gambar bisa dilihat pada bagian awal postingan.

Setelah rangkaian selesai dibuat kita lanjutkan ke pengisian bootloader. Langkah-langkahnya sebagai berikut:

1. Hubungkan Board Arduino Master ke PC/Laptop.

2. Buka Arduino IDE.

3. Copy Program Dibawah ini. (atau dengan cara lain yaitu Klick File, Examples, ArduinoISP, maka akan muncul program seperti dibawah).

Program Utama

=================================Source Code================================


#include "Arduino.h"
#undef SERIAL


#define PROG_FLICKER true

// Configure SPI clock (in Hz).
// E.g. for an attiny @128 kHz: the datasheet states that both the high
// and low spi clock pulse must be > 2 cpu cycles, so take 3 cycles i.e.
// divide target f_cpu by 6:
//     #define SPI_CLOCK            (128000/6)
//
// A clock slow enough for an attiny85 @ 1MHz, is a reasonable default:

#define SPI_CLOCK 		(1000000/6)


// Select hardware or software SPI, depending on SPI clock.
// Currently only for AVR, for other archs (Due, Zero,...),
// hardware SPI is probably too fast anyway.

#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_AVR)

#if SPI_CLOCK > (F_CPU / 128)
#define USE_HARDWARE_SPI
#endif

#endif

// Configure which pins to use:

// The standard pin configuration.
#ifndef ARDUINO_HOODLOADER2 

#define RESET     10 // Use pin 10 to reset the target rather than SS
#define LED_HB    9
#define LED_ERR   8
#define LED_PMODE 7

// Uncomment following line to use the old Uno style wiring
// (using pin 11, 12 and 13 instead of the SPI header) on Leonardo, Due...

// #define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING

#ifdef USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING

#define PIN_MOSI	11
#define PIN_MISO	12
#define PIN_SCK		13

#endif

// HOODLOADER2 means running sketches on the atmega16u2 
// serial converter chips on Uno or Mega boards.
// We must use pins that are broken out:
#else 

#define RESET     	4
#define LED_HB    	7
#define LED_ERR   	6
#define LED_PMODE 	5

#endif

// By default, use hardware SPI pins:
#ifndef PIN_MOSI
#define PIN_MOSI 	MOSI
#endif

#ifndef PIN_MISO
#define PIN_MISO 	MISO
#endif

#ifndef PIN_SCK
#define PIN_SCK 	SCK
#endif

// Force bitbanged SPI if not using the hardware SPI pins:
#if (PIN_MISO != MISO) ||  (PIN_MOSI != MOSI) || (PIN_SCK != SCK)
#undef USE_HARDWARE_SPI
#endif


// Configure the serial port to use.
//
// Prefer the USB virtual serial port (aka. native USB port), if the Arduino has one:
//   - it does not autoreset (except for the magic baud rate of 1200).
//   - it is more reliable because of USB handshaking.
//
// Leonardo and similar have an USB virtual serial port: 'Serial'.
// Due and Zero have an USB virtual serial port: 'SerialUSB'.
//
// On the Due and Zero, 'Serial' can be used too, provided you disable autoreset.
// To use 'Serial': #define SERIAL Serial

#ifdef SERIAL_PORT_USBVIRTUAL
#define SERIAL SERIAL_PORT_USBVIRTUAL
#else
#define SERIAL Serial
#endif


// Configure the baud rate:

#define BAUDRATE	19200
// #define BAUDRATE	115200
// #define BAUDRATE	1000000


#define HWVER 2
#define SWMAJ 1
#define SWMIN 18

// STK Definitions
#define STK_OK      0x10
#define STK_FAILED  0x11
#define STK_UNKNOWN 0x12
#define STK_INSYNC  0x14
#define STK_NOSYNC  0x15
#define CRC_EOP     0x20 //ok it is a space...

void pulse(int pin, int times);

#ifdef USE_HARDWARE_SPI
#include "SPI.h"
#else

#define SPI_MODE0 0x00

class SPISettings {
public:
  // clock is in Hz
  SPISettings(uint32_t clock, uint8_t bitOrder, uint8_t dataMode) : clock(clock){
    (void) bitOrder;
    (void) dataMode;
  };

private:
  uint32_t clock;

friend class BitBangedSPI;
};

class BitBangedSPI {
public:
  void begin() {
    digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW);
    digitalWrite(PIN_MOSI, LOW);
    pinMode(PIN_SCK, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(PIN_MOSI, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(PIN_MISO, INPUT);
  }

  void beginTransaction(SPISettings settings) {
    pulseWidth = (500000 + settings.clock - 1) / settings.clock;
    if (pulseWidth == 0)
      pulseWidth = 1;
  }

  void end() {}

  uint8_t transfer (uint8_t b) {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
      digitalWrite(PIN_MOSI, (b & 0x80) ? HIGH : LOW);
      digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, HIGH);
      delayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);
      b = (b << 1) | digitalRead(PIN_MISO);
      digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW); // slow pulse
      delayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);
    }
    return b;
  }

private:
  unsigned long pulseWidth; // in microseconds
};

static BitBangedSPI SPI;

#endif

void setup() {
  SERIAL.begin(BAUDRATE);

  pinMode(LED_PMODE, OUTPUT);
  pulse(LED_PMODE, 2);
  pinMode(LED_ERR, OUTPUT);
  pulse(LED_ERR, 2);
  pinMode(LED_HB, OUTPUT);
  pulse(LED_HB, 2);

}

int error = 0;
int pmode = 0;
// address for reading and writing, set by 'U' command
unsigned int here;
uint8_t buff[256]; // global block storage

#define beget16(addr) (*addr * 256 + *(addr+1) )
typedef struct param {
  uint8_t devicecode;
  uint8_t revision;
  uint8_t progtype;
  uint8_t parmode;
  uint8_t polling;
  uint8_t selftimed;
  uint8_t lockbytes;
  uint8_t fusebytes;
  uint8_t flashpoll;
  uint16_t eeprompoll;
  uint16_t pagesize;
  uint16_t eepromsize;
  uint32_t flashsize;
}
parameter;

parameter param;

// this provides a heartbeat on pin 9, so you can tell the software is running.
uint8_t hbval = 128;
int8_t hbdelta = 8;
void heartbeat() {
  static unsigned long last_time = 0;
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if ((now - last_time) < 40)
    return;
  last_time = now;
  if (hbval > 192) hbdelta = -hbdelta;
  if (hbval < 32) hbdelta = -hbdelta;
  hbval += hbdelta;
  analogWrite(LED_HB, hbval);
}

static bool rst_active_high;

void reset_target(bool reset) {
  digitalWrite(RESET, ((reset && rst_active_high) || (!reset && !rst_active_high)) ? HIGH : LOW);
}

void loop(void) {
  // is pmode active?
  if (pmode) {
    digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, HIGH);
  } else {
    digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, LOW);
  }
  // is there an error?
  if (error) {
    digitalWrite(LED_ERR, HIGH);
  } else {
    digitalWrite(LED_ERR, LOW);
  }

  // light the heartbeat LED
  heartbeat();
  if (SERIAL.available()) {
    avrisp();
  }
}

uint8_t getch() {
  while (!SERIAL.available());
  return SERIAL.read();
}
void fill(int n) {
  for (int x = 0; x < n; x++) {
    buff[x] = getch();
  }
}

#define PTIME 30
void pulse(int pin, int times) {
  do {
    digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);
    delay(PTIME);
    digitalWrite(pin, LOW);
    delay(PTIME);
  } while (times--);
}

void prog_lamp(int state) {
  if (PROG_FLICKER) {
    digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, state);
  }
}

uint8_t spi_transaction(uint8_t a, uint8_t b, uint8_t c, uint8_t d) {
  SPI.transfer(a);
  SPI.transfer(b);
  SPI.transfer(c);
  return SPI.transfer(d);
}

void empty_reply() {
  if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
    SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
    SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);
  } else {
    error++;
    SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
  }
}

void breply(uint8_t b) {
  if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
    SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
    SERIAL.print((char)b);
    SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);
  } else {
    error++;
    SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
  }
}

void get_version(uint8_t c) {
  switch (c) {
    case 0x80:
      breply(HWVER);
      break;
    case 0x81:
      breply(SWMAJ);
      break;
    case 0x82:
      breply(SWMIN);
      break;
    case 0x93:
      breply('S'); // serial programmer
      break;
    default:
      breply(0);
  }
}

void set_parameters() {
  // call this after reading paramter packet into buff[]
  param.devicecode = buff[0];
  param.revision   = buff[1];
  param.progtype   = buff[2];
  param.parmode    = buff[3];
  param.polling    = buff[4];
  param.selftimed  = buff[5];
  param.lockbytes  = buff[6];
  param.fusebytes  = buff[7];
  param.flashpoll  = buff[8];
  // ignore buff[9] (= buff[8])
  // following are 16 bits (big endian)
  param.eeprompoll = beget16(&buff[10]);
  param.pagesize   = beget16(&buff[12]);
  param.eepromsize = beget16(&buff[14]);

  // 32 bits flashsize (big endian)
  param.flashsize = buff[16] * 0x01000000
                    + buff[17] * 0x00010000
                    + buff[18] * 0x00000100
                    + buff[19];

  // avr devices have active low reset, at89sx are active high
  rst_active_high = (param.devicecode >= 0xe0);
}

void start_pmode() {

  // Reset target before driving PIN_SCK or PIN_MOSI

  // SPI.begin() will configure SS as output,
  // so SPI master mode is selected.
  // We have defined RESET as pin 10,
  // which for many arduino's is not the SS pin.
  // So we have to configure RESET as output here,
  // (reset_target() first sets the correct level)
  reset_target(true);
  pinMode(RESET, OUTPUT);
  SPI.begin();
  SPI.beginTransaction(SPISettings(SPI_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, SPI_MODE0));

  // See avr datasheets, chapter "SERIAL_PRG Programming Algorithm":

  // Pulse RESET after PIN_SCK is low:
  digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW);
  delay(20); // discharge PIN_SCK, value arbitrally chosen
  reset_target(false);
  // Pulse must be minimum 2 target CPU clock cycles
  // so 100 usec is ok for CPU speeds above 20KHz
  delayMicroseconds(100);
  reset_target(true);

  // Send the enable programming command:
  delay(50); // datasheet: must be > 20 msec
  spi_transaction(0xAC, 0x53, 0x00, 0x00);
  pmode = 1;
}

void end_pmode() {
  SPI.end();
  // We're about to take the target out of reset
  // so configure SPI pins as input
  pinMode(PIN_MOSI, INPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_SCK, INPUT);
  reset_target(false);
  pinMode(RESET, INPUT);
  pmode = 0;
}

void universal() {
  uint8_t ch;

  fill(4);
  ch = spi_transaction(buff[0], buff[1], buff[2], buff[3]);
  breply(ch);
}

void flash(uint8_t hilo, unsigned int addr, uint8_t data) {
  spi_transaction(0x40 + 8 * hilo,
                  addr >> 8 & 0xFF,
                  addr & 0xFF,
                  data);
}
void commit(unsigned int addr) {
  if (PROG_FLICKER) {
    prog_lamp(LOW);
  }
  spi_transaction(0x4C, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0);
  if (PROG_FLICKER) {
    delay(PTIME);
    prog_lamp(HIGH);
  }
}

unsigned int current_page() {
  if (param.pagesize == 32) {
    return here & 0xFFFFFFF0;
  }
  if (param.pagesize == 64) {
    return here & 0xFFFFFFE0;
  }
  if (param.pagesize == 128) {
    return here & 0xFFFFFFC0;
  }
  if (param.pagesize == 256) {
    return here & 0xFFFFFF80;
  }
  return here;
}


void write_flash(int length) {
  fill(length);
  if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
    SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);
    SERIAL.print((char) write_flash_pages(length));
  } else {
    error++;
    SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);
  }
}

uint8_t write_flash_pages(int length) {
  int x = 0;
  unsigned int page = current_page();
  while (x < length) {
    if (page != current_page()) {
      commit(page);
      page = current_page();
    }
    flash(LOW, here, buff[x++]);
    flash(HIGH, here, buff[x++]);
    here++;
  }

  commit(page);

  return STK_OK;
}

#define EECHUNK (32)
uint8_t write_eeprom(unsigned int length) {
  // here is a word address, get the byte address
  unsigned int start = here * 2;
  unsigned int remaining = length;
  if (length > param.eepromsize) {
    error++;
    return STK_FAILED;
  }
  while (remaining > EECHUNK) {
    write_eeprom_chunk(start, EECHUNK);
    start += EECHUNK;
    remaining -= EECHUNK;
  }
  write_eeprom_chunk(start, remaining);
  return STK_OK;
}
// write (length) bytes, (start) is a byte address
uint8_t write_eeprom_chunk(unsigned int start, unsigned int length) {
  // this writes byte-by-byte,
  // page writing may be faster (4 bytes at a time)
  fill(length);
  prog_lamp(LOW);
  for (unsigned int x = 0; x < length; x++) {
    unsigned int addr = start + x;
    spi_transaction(0xC0, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, buff[x]);
    delay(45);
  }
  prog_lamp(HIGH);
  return STK_OK;
}

void program_page() {
  char result = (char) STK_FAILED;
  unsigned int length = 256 * getch();
  length += getch();
  char memtype = getch();
  // flash memory @here, (length) bytes
  if (memtype == 'F') {
    write_flash(length);
    return;
  }
  if (memtype == 'E') {
    result = (char)write_eeprom(length);
    if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
      SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);
      SERIAL.print(result);
    } else {
      error++;
      SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);
    }
    return;
  }
  SERIAL.print((char)STK_FAILED);
  return;
}

uint8_t flash_read(uint8_t hilo, unsigned int addr) {
  return spi_transaction(0x20 + hilo * 8,
                         (addr >> 8) & 0xFF,
                         addr & 0xFF,
                         0);
}

char flash_read_page(int length) {
  for (int x = 0; x < length; x += 2) {
    uint8_t low = flash_read(LOW, here);
    SERIAL.print((char) low);
    uint8_t high = flash_read(HIGH, here);
    SERIAL.print((char) high);
    here++;
  }
  return STK_OK;
}

char eeprom_read_page(int length) {
  // here again we have a word address
  int start = here * 2;
  for (int x = 0; x < length; x++) {
    int addr = start + x;
    uint8_t ee = spi_transaction(0xA0, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0xFF);
    SERIAL.print((char) ee);
  }
  return STK_OK;
}

void read_page() {
  char result = (char)STK_FAILED;
  int length = 256 * getch();
  length += getch();
  char memtype = getch();
  if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {
    error++;
    SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);
    return;
  }
  SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);
  if (memtype == 'F') result = flash_read_page(length);
  if (memtype == 'E') result = eeprom_read_page(length);
  SERIAL.print(result);
}

void read_signature() {
  if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {
    error++;
    SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);
    return;
  }
  SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);
  uint8_t high = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
  SERIAL.print((char) high);
  uint8_t middle = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00);
  SERIAL.print((char) middle);
  uint8_t low = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00);
  SERIAL.print((char) low);
  SERIAL.print((char) STK_OK);
}
//////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////


////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////
void avrisp() {
  uint8_t ch = getch();
  switch (ch) {
    case '0': // signon
      error = 0;
      empty_reply();
      break;
    case '1':
      if (getch() == CRC_EOP) {
        SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);
        SERIAL.print("AVR ISP");
        SERIAL.print((char) STK_OK);
      }
      else {
        error++;
        SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);
      }
      break;
    case 'A':
      get_version(getch());
      break;
    case 'B':
      fill(20);
      set_parameters();
      empty_reply();
      break;
    case 'E': // extended parameters - ignore for now
      fill(5);
      empty_reply();
      break;
    case 'P':
      if (!pmode)
        start_pmode();
      empty_reply();
      break;
    case 'U': // set address (word)
      here = getch();
      here += 256 * getch();
      empty_reply();
      break;

    case 0x60: //STK_PROG_FLASH
      getch(); // low addr
      getch(); // high addr
      empty_reply();
      break;
    case 0x61: //STK_PROG_DATA
      getch(); // data
      empty_reply();
      break;

    case 0x64: //STK_PROG_PAGE
      program_page();
      break;

    case 0x74: //STK_READ_PAGE 't'
      read_page();
      break;

    case 'V': //0x56
      universal();
      break;
    case 'Q': //0x51
      error = 0;
      end_pmode();
      empty_reply();
      break;

    case 0x75: //STK_READ_SIGN 'u'
      read_signature();
      break;

    // expecting a command, not CRC_EOP
    // this is how we can get back in sync
    case CRC_EOP:
      error++;
      SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);
      break;

    // anything else we will return STK_UNKNOWN
    default:
      error++;
      if (CRC_EOP == getch())
        SERIAL.print((char)STK_UNKNOWN);
      else
        SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
  }}}

4.  Kemudian Upload Program tersebut ke Board Arduino yang digunakan sebagai Master.
5. Setelah Program selesai di Upload lanjut ke Pemburningan program.
6. Klick tools, pilih burn bootloader.

Jika Berhasil maka pada bagian bawah Arduino IDE akan muncul tulisan seperti digambar dibawah ini.

Selamat mencoba.